- Title
- Degradation of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) using ultrasonication: Effect of reactor materials
- Creator
- Khoshyan, Ashkan; Luo, Yunlong; Nolan, Annette; Megharaj, Mallavarapu; Naidu, Ravi; Fang, Cheng
- Relation
- ARC.G180200015 http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/SR180200015
- Relation
- Journal of Water Process Engineering Vol. 63, Issue June 2024, no. 105511
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105511
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2024
- Description
- This study explores the impact of different reactor/container materials, such as glass and plastic, on the degradation of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) using indirect ultrasonication in aquatic media. After subjecting the system to ultrasonication at 130 kHz with a 100 % effective power for 3.0 h, approximately 95 % and 46 % defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were achieved in a glass reactor and a polypropylene (PP) reactor, respectively. Under optimal conditions, calorimetry power at the highest applied power averaged 51 ± 0.7 W/L for glass and 55.1 ± 1 W/L for PP. A similar trend was observed for the defluorination of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (6:2 FTS), and aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) containing a complex mixture of PFAS, indicating that the glass reactor exhibited higher efficiency in ultrasonic irradiation transportation. The kinetics of PFOA degradation also revealed that a glass beaker facilitated faster removal than PP. The reaction mechanism suggested that the primary pathway involved a pyrolytic reaction, while free radicals also played a contributing role. The effect of free radicals, especially hydroxyl radicals (radical dotOH) was approved by potassium iodide (KI) dosimetry as well as reaction between radical dotOH with benzoic acid (BA) as a radical scavenger. Overall, the findings unambiguously demonstrate how the reactor material affects the indirect ultrasonication of PFAS in an aqueous environment.
- Subject
- per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS); ultrasonication; reactor material; defluorination; kinetic; mechanism
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1505923
- Identifier
- uon:55780
- Identifier
- ISSN:2214-7144
- Rights
- x
- Language
- eng
- Reviewed
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