- Title
- Is paper bag plastic-free, without plastic in colourful logo area?
- Creator
- Fang, Cheng; Awoyemi, Olalekan Simon; Naidu, Ravi
- Relation
- Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol. 471, Issue 5 June 2024, no. 134403
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134403
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2024
- Description
- The concern over plastic contamination has led to bans on plastic shopping bags, often replaced by paper ones. However, logos painted or printed on paper bags may still contain plastics, as investigated herein. In some logos, for example, white pigment of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are bound with plastic binder onto the cellulose surface of the paper. This hybrid of plastic and nanoparticle is examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to characterise morphology physically, and Raman imaging to identify and visualise them chemically. Raman imaging scans the sample to separate images and identify not only plastic but also the co-formulated pigment. The scan generates a hyperspectral matrix containing hundreds to thousands of spectra, and subsequent analysis can enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. Decoding the hyperspectral matrix using chemometrics like principal component analysis (PCA) can effectively map plastic and pigment separately with increased certainty. The image can be further refined through 3-dimensional surface fitting for deconvolution, providing direct visualisation of the plastic-nanoparticle hybrid at a density of approximately 7.3 million particles per square millimetre. Overall, caution should be exercised when using paper bags, as they may not be entirely free of plastics. Raman imaging proves to be an effective method for identifying and visualising complex components, including plastics and nanoparticles. Environmental Implication: The concern over plastic contamination has led to bans on plastic shopping bags, replaced by paper alternatives. However, some logos on paper bags may still contain plastics, which is investigated to confirm the presence of plastic-nanoparticle hybrid using SEM and Raman imaging. By employing decoding algorithms such as PCA to separately map plastic and pigment, and utilising 3D surface fitting to deconvolute the image, the hybrid plastic-nanoparticle is estimated at a density of approximately 7.3 million particles per square millimetre. It's important to exercise caution and not assume these items are plastic-free. This aspect of plastics may have been overlooked as another potential source of contamination.
- Subject
- paper bag; logo; raman imaging; plastic binder; titanium oxide nanoparticle
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1503216
- Identifier
- uon:55304
- Identifier
- ISSN:0304-3894
- Rights
- x
- Language
- eng
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