- Title
- A modified TOP assay to detect per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) and soil
- Creator
- Al Amin, Md.; Luo, Yunlong; Shi, Feng; Yu, Linbo; Liu, Yanju; Nolan, Annette; Awoyemi, Olalekan Simon; Megharaj, Mallavarapu; Naidu, Ravi; Fang, Cheng
- Relation
- ARC.SR180200015 http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/SR180200015
- Relation
- Frontiers in Chemistry Vol. 11, no. 1141182
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2023.1141182
- Publisher
- Frontiers Research Foundation
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2023
- Description
- Total oxidisable precursor (TOP) assay can oxidise some per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their precursors, most of which cannot be quantitatively detected so far, and convert them to detectable PFASs, such as perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). However, the conversion is constrained by the complexity of the target samples, including co-existent organics, unknown PFAS precursors, and background. In this study, the TOP assay is modified to increase the oxidation and conversion efficiency by changing the initial concentration of target sample, increasing oxidising doses, time, temperature, etc. The modified TOP assay is applied to test several aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) and a PFAS-contaminated soil extract. The sum concentrations of the detectable PFASs are increased by up to ∼534× in the AFFF samples and ∼7× in the PFAS-contaminated soil extract. The detectable fluorotelomer sulfonate (FTS, such as 6:2/8:2 FTS) is accounted as an oxidation indicator to monitor the oxidation and conversion progress of the oxidisable PFASs precursors to the detectable PFASs. Overall, the modified TOP assay could be an appropriate method for identifying missing PFASs mass in complex matrices by detecting the PFASs precursors effectively.
- Subject
- total oxidisable precursor (TOP) assay; per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) precursors; aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF); fluorotelomer sulfonate (FTS); solid-phase extraction (SPE); oxidation efficiency
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1493532
- Identifier
- uon:53573
- Identifier
- ISSN:2296-2646
- Rights
- © 2023 Al Amin, Luo, Shi, Yu, Liu, Nolan, Awoyemi, Megharaj, Naidu and Fang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
- Language
- eng
- Full Text
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