- Title
- Exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoking and their combined effects on depression in six low- and middle-income countries
- Creator
- Lin, Hualiang; Guo, Yanfei; Salinas-Rodriguez, Aaron; Yawson, Alfred E.; Arokiasamy, Perianayagam; Manrique-Espinoza, Betty Soledad; Biritwum, Richard B.; Rule, Stephen P.; Minicuci, Nadia; Naidoo, Nirmala; Chatterji, Somnath; Qian, Zhengmin; Kowal, Paul; Ma, Wenjun; Wu, Fan; Airhihenbuwa, Collins O.; Di, Qian; Zheng, Yang; Zhao, Xing; Vaughn, Michael G.; Howard, Steven; Schootman, Mario
- Relation
- British Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 211, Issue 3, p. 157-162
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.117.202325
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2017
- Description
- Background: Little is known about the joint mental health effects of air pollution and tobacco smoking in low- and middle-income countries. Aims: To investigate the effects of exposure to ambient fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) and smoking and their combined (interactive) effects on depression. Method: Multilevel logistic regression analysis of baseline data of a prospective cohort study (n=41 785). The 3-year average concentrations of PM2.5 were estimated using US National Aeronautics and Space Administration satellite data, and depression was diagnosed using a standardised questionnaire. Three-level logistic regression models were applied to examine the associations with depression. Results: The odds ratio (OR) for depression was 1.09 (95% Cl 1.01-1.17) per 10μg/m³ increase in ambient PM2.5, and the association remained after adjusting for potential confounding factors (adjusted OR=1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.19). Tobacco smoking (smoking status, frequency, duration and amount) was also significantly associated with depression. There appeared to be a synergistic interaction between ambient PM 2.5 and smoking on depression in the additive model, but the interaction was not statistically significant in the multiplicative model. Conclusions: Our study suggests that exposure to ambient PM2.5 may increase the risk of depression, and smoking may enhance this effect.
- Subject
- smoking; depression; particulate matter; pollution
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1396528
- Identifier
- uon:34059
- Identifier
- ISSN:0007-1250
- Language
- eng
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