Using in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction to study lithium- and sodium-ion batteries: a case study with an unconventional battery electrode (Gd₂TiO₅)

Pramudita, James C.; Aughterson, Robert; Dose, Wesley M.; Donne, Scott W.; Brand, Helen E. A.; Sharma, Neeraj

Title: Using in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction to study lithium- and sodium-ion batteries: a case study with an unconventional battery electrode (Gd₂TiO₅)
Creator: Pramudita, James C.; Aughterson, Robert; Dose, Wesley M.; Donne, Scott W.; Brand, Helen E. A.; Sharma, Neeraj
Relation: AINSE Ltd
Relation: Journal of Materials Research Vol. 30, Issue 3, p. 381-389
Publisher Link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.311
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Resource Type: journal article
Date: 2015
Description: Designing materials for application as electrodes in sodium-ion batteries may require the use of unconventional materials to realize acceptable reversible sodium insertion/extraction capabilities. To design new materials simple electrochemical methods need to be coupled with other techniques such as in situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) to correlate the influence of electrochemical performance on a parameter that can be modified, e.g., the crystal structure of the material. Here we use in situ synchrotron XRD data on Gd₂TiO₅-containing cells to show the minor changes in reflection positions during discharge/charge that illustrates minimal volume expansion and contraction due to insertion/extraction reactions. These small changes correlate to the Gd₂TiO₅ anode material in both lithium- and sodium-ion batteries showing reversible capacities of ∼45 and ∼23 mA h/g after 20 cycles, respectively. Analysis of sodium location in the crystal structure shows a preference for sodium in the smaller channels along the c axis direction during the first discharge before moving to the larger channels at the charged state. Therefore, in this work, in situ studies highlight minimal structural changes with respect to volume expansion during electrochemical cycling and illustrate where sodium ions locate within the Gd₂TiO₅ structure.
Subject: x-ray diffraction; lithium batteries; sodium-ion batteries; in situ; Gd₂TiO₅
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1338049
Identifier: uon:27956
Identifier: ISSN:0884-2914
Language: eng
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