- Title
- Development and validation of a 21-item challenges to stopping smoking (CSS-21) scale
- Creator
- Thomas, Dennis; Mackinnon, Andrew J.; Bonevski, Billie; Abramson, Michael J.; Taylor, Simone; Poole, Susan G.; Weeks, Gregory R.; Dooley, Michael J.; George, Johnson
- Relation
- ARC.LP110200724 & NHMRC.1063206 http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1063206
- Relation
- BMJ Open Vol. 6, Issue 3
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011265
- Publisher
- BMJ Group
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2016
- Description
- Objective: Identification of challenges associated with quitting and overcoming them may improve cessation outcomes. This study describes the development and initial validation of a scale for measuring challenges to stopping smoking. Methods: The item pool was generated from empirical and theoretical literature and existing scales, expert opinion and interviews with smokers and ex-smokers. The questionnaire was administered to smokers and recent quitters who participated in a hospital-based smoking cessation trial. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify subscales in the questionnaire. Internal consistency, validity and robustness of the subscales were evaluated. Results: Of a total of 182 participants with a mean age of 55 years (SD 12.8), 128 (70.3%) were current smokers and 54 (29.7%) ex-smokers. Factor analysis of the 21-item questionnaire resulted in a 2-factor solution representing items measuring intrinsic (9 items) and extrinsic (12 items) challenges. This structure was stable in various analyses and the 2 factors accounted for 50.7% of the total variance of the polychoric correlations between the items. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α) coefficients for the intrinsic and extrinsic subscales were 0.86 and 0.82, respectively. Compared with ex-smokers, current smokers had a higher mean score (±SD) for intrinsic (24.0±6.4 vs 20.5±7.4, p=0.002) and extrinsic subscales (22.3±7.5 vs 18.6±6.0, p=0.001). Conclusions: Initial evaluation suggests that the 21-item challenges to stopping smoking scale is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used in research and clinical settings to assess challenges to stopping smoking.
- Subject
- smoking cessation; challenges; 21-item challenges; CSS-21 scale
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1323277
- Identifier
- uon:24770
- Identifier
- ISSN:2044-6055
- Rights
- This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
- Language
- eng
- Full Text
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